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	<title>Comments on: Bush Team Seeks Dictatorial Financial Powers</title>
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		<title>By: david monaghan</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-162069</link>
		<dc:creator>david monaghan</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Oct 2008 08:55:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-162069</guid>
		<description>Americans wealth and her people are what&#039;s made America--the land of the brave and the free? When times get tough &#039;how much was hype?&#039;. In Great Britian we had a show called blank-it-ti-black cheque book and pen I new it would be an hit in a America one day.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Americans wealth and her people are what&#8217;s made America&#8211;the land of the brave and the free? When times get tough &#8216;how much was hype?&#8217;. In Great Britian we had a show called blank-it-ti-black cheque book and pen I new it would be an hit in a America one day.</p>
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	<item>
		<title>By: MetaCynic</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161748</link>
		<dc:creator>MetaCynic</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2008 20:16:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161748</guid>
		<description>Eric:

You&#039;re right, a sickly too-big-to-fail business entity should not be allowed to exist, and it would not in a free market system.  Incompetence would be punished by losses and bankruptcy long before things become too big to fail.  It is the use of the government&#039;s regulatory gun that has protected such creatures from the rigors of competition and allowed them to become so unnaturally big.  

Rich kids, Fannie and Freddie, were born with taxpayer financed silver spoons in their mouths under the gaze of &quot;intense public oversight.&quot;  They became sickly and obese because they knew that whatever happened, their mommy and daddy in government would always welcome them back and nurse them if they were too undisciplined and incompetent to make it on their own.  The twins&#039; friends recklessly showered them with money because they knew that mommy and daddy would steal from the taxpayers to pay off the twins&#039; debts.  Not exactly a rags to riches, rugged individualist story here.

Despite the nation having spent oodles of billions on him every year, where is there evidence, anywhere, involving anything of your superhero, &quot;intense public oversight?&quot;  We see none of it in the operations of the Federal Reserve under whose &quot;oversight&quot; the dollar has, not unexpectedly, lost 96% of its purchasing power.  It is nowhere to be found in the halls of the people&#039;s Congress which passed the jackbooted PATRIOT act and where, over generations, war making power has been ceded to the President.  How about the FDA, a regulatory body meant to make our healthcare safe and effective?  Nope, no hero there.  If anything has become too big to fail but which is now crashing down, it is the obscenely expensive, false medical paradigm of treating symptoms instead of causes.  The FDA, supposedly under &quot;intense public oversight,&quot; has used its regulatory gun to spawn this murderous monster and to protect it from competition which effectively treats causes.  Certainly we&#039;ll find the masked crusader competently guiding the world&#039;s most expensive public school systems.  Youz gots to bee kiddink!  Day iz nots enuf moneys fur notting.

&quot;Intense public oversight&quot; is the adult equivalent of a belief in magic embraced by those who are looking to others to take care of them.  Such frightened adult/children&#039;s response to the inevitable failure of their Superhero to show up is always to argue that he will come if only more laws are passed.  What could be more &quot;laughably, childishly simplistic.&quot;  

The shame here is not in pointing out the fact, as I and others have done, that the gun of government regulation protects and encourages incompetence and criminal behavior thus inevitably leading to the present financial crisis.  The shame here is in clinging to a repeatedly discredited magic belief system that politicians and bureaucrats can be handed a gun called &quot;intense public oversight&quot; and expected to selflessly use it to manage some aspect of our lives for our benefit.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Eric:</p>
<p>You&#8217;re right, a sickly too-big-to-fail business entity should not be allowed to exist, and it would not in a free market system.  Incompetence would be punished by losses and bankruptcy long before things become too big to fail.  It is the use of the government&#8217;s regulatory gun that has protected such creatures from the rigors of competition and allowed them to become so unnaturally big.  </p>
<p>Rich kids, Fannie and Freddie, were born with taxpayer financed silver spoons in their mouths under the gaze of &#8220;intense public oversight.&#8221;  They became sickly and obese because they knew that whatever happened, their mommy and daddy in government would always welcome them back and nurse them if they were too undisciplined and incompetent to make it on their own.  The twins&#8217; friends recklessly showered them with money because they knew that mommy and daddy would steal from the taxpayers to pay off the twins&#8217; debts.  Not exactly a rags to riches, rugged individualist story here.</p>
<p>Despite the nation having spent oodles of billions on him every year, where is there evidence, anywhere, involving anything of your superhero, &#8220;intense public oversight?&#8221;  We see none of it in the operations of the Federal Reserve under whose &#8220;oversight&#8221; the dollar has, not unexpectedly, lost 96% of its purchasing power.  It is nowhere to be found in the halls of the people&#8217;s Congress which passed the jackbooted PATRIOT act and where, over generations, war making power has been ceded to the President.  How about the FDA, a regulatory body meant to make our healthcare safe and effective?  Nope, no hero there.  If anything has become too big to fail but which is now crashing down, it is the obscenely expensive, false medical paradigm of treating symptoms instead of causes.  The FDA, supposedly under &#8220;intense public oversight,&#8221; has used its regulatory gun to spawn this murderous monster and to protect it from competition which effectively treats causes.  Certainly we&#8217;ll find the masked crusader competently guiding the world&#8217;s most expensive public school systems.  Youz gots to bee kiddink!  Day iz nots enuf moneys fur notting.</p>
<p>&#8220;Intense public oversight&#8221; is the adult equivalent of a belief in magic embraced by those who are looking to others to take care of them.  Such frightened adult/children&#8217;s response to the inevitable failure of their Superhero to show up is always to argue that he will come if only more laws are passed.  What could be more &#8220;laughably, childishly simplistic.&#8221;  </p>
<p>The shame here is not in pointing out the fact, as I and others have done, that the gun of government regulation protects and encourages incompetence and criminal behavior thus inevitably leading to the present financial crisis.  The shame here is in clinging to a repeatedly discredited magic belief system that politicians and bureaucrats can be handed a gun called &#8220;intense public oversight&#8221; and expected to selflessly use it to manage some aspect of our lives for our benefit.</p>
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		<title>By: Decline and Fall - It&#8217;s the Autumn of our Old Republic &#171; Dissent Mag</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161737</link>
		<dc:creator>Decline and Fall - It&#8217;s the Autumn of our Old Republic &#171; Dissent Mag</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2008 15:46:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161737</guid>
		<description>[...] their way out of the crisis and once again conjure up a convenient reality: this, they believe, is their prerogative as history&#8217;s actors. The rest of us, you see, are only acted [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] their way out of the crisis and once again conjure up a convenient reality: this, they believe, is their prerogative as history&#8217;s actors. The rest of us, you see, are only acted [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Eugene Costa</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161728</link>
		<dc:creator>Eugene Costa</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2008 12:43:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161728</guid>
		<description>Eric and Haigh above mention Bank of America. BoA, by itself, stands as a complete and notable contradiction of what this moron Liebowitz says.

There are other examples, some of which have gone or are now going down, but for reasons someone like Liebowitz could not guess at in a thousand years.

In fact, they are going down because they were prudent, careful, and successful in their operations and were stocked with good paper.

Figure that one out (the model is very simple) and you win a free all-expense paid weekend in the Orkneys.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Eric and Haigh above mention Bank of America. BoA, by itself, stands as a complete and notable contradiction of what this moron Liebowitz says.</p>
<p>There are other examples, some of which have gone or are now going down, but for reasons someone like Liebowitz could not guess at in a thousand years.</p>
<p>In fact, they are going down because they were prudent, careful, and successful in their operations and were stocked with good paper.</p>
<p>Figure that one out (the model is very simple) and you win a free all-expense paid weekend in the Orkneys.</p>
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		<title>By: Eugene Costa</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161714</link>
		<dc:creator>Eugene Costa</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2008 02:25:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161714</guid>
		<description>Corr: &quot;January 2002&quot;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Corr: &#8220;January 2002&#8243;</p>
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		<title>By: Eugene Costa</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161712</link>
		<dc:creator>Eugene Costa</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2008 02:13:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161712</guid>
		<description>If Liebowitz had a point, all he had to do was correlate the numbers in subprime with those in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and establish a causal connection from the latter to the former.

He does not do that because he cannot. That&#039;s not what the numbers say and that is not what happened.

Also note that he talks about pressure on &quot;underwriting&quot; without a word about credit rating formulae. Designing and selling credit rating formulae are completely unregulated.

In fact every statement in the article could be true, but not one of them means a bean in regard to the collapse of subprime.

Note also that Liebowitz and the others quoted say not a word about how much pressure the Patriot Act put on banks.

Conclusion: Liebowitz is a Neo-Con trying to the start a race war?  Who knows?

What he isn&#039;t is an economist worth to minutes attention.

The more telling figure, for those who know how to use it, is this:

January 2001 oil = $19 per barrel
July 2008    oil = $147 per barrel (high)

That has Bush and Cheney and the Neo-Cons and the Born Again Zionists and the Corporate Fascists written all over it.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If Liebowitz had a point, all he had to do was correlate the numbers in subprime with those in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and establish a causal connection from the latter to the former.</p>
<p>He does not do that because he cannot. That&#8217;s not what the numbers say and that is not what happened.</p>
<p>Also note that he talks about pressure on &#8220;underwriting&#8221; without a word about credit rating formulae. Designing and selling credit rating formulae are completely unregulated.</p>
<p>In fact every statement in the article could be true, but not one of them means a bean in regard to the collapse of subprime.</p>
<p>Note also that Liebowitz and the others quoted say not a word about how much pressure the Patriot Act put on banks.</p>
<p>Conclusion: Liebowitz is a Neo-Con trying to the start a race war?  Who knows?</p>
<p>What he isn&#8217;t is an economist worth to minutes attention.</p>
<p>The more telling figure, for those who know how to use it, is this:</p>
<p>January 2001 oil = $19 per barrel<br />
July 2008    oil = $147 per barrel (high)</p>
<p>That has Bush and Cheney and the Neo-Cons and the Born Again Zionists and the Corporate Fascists written all over it.</p>
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		<title>By: Eric</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161705</link>
		<dc:creator>Eric</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 23:13:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161705</guid>
		<description>The fact is that if a &quot;private&quot; business entity is &quot;too big too fail&quot;, i.e., it&#039;s failure will cause a mass catastrophe for hundreds of millions of Americans, then that entiity SHOULD NOT EXIST, or it should not be allowed to operate without intense public oversight. You libertarians, as I said before, imagine that the economy consists of a bunch of isolated individual economic destinies, with each person failing or flourishing according to individual merit. That&#039;s laughably, childishly simplistic. I don&#039;t understand why you don&#039;t shut up for shame, but in that respect, you&#039;re just like the neocons: immune to shame.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The fact is that if a &#8220;private&#8221; business entity is &#8220;too big too fail&#8221;, i.e., it&#8217;s failure will cause a mass catastrophe for hundreds of millions of Americans, then that entiity SHOULD NOT EXIST, or it should not be allowed to operate without intense public oversight. You libertarians, as I said before, imagine that the economy consists of a bunch of isolated individual economic destinies, with each person failing or flourishing according to individual merit. That&#8217;s laughably, childishly simplistic. I don&#8217;t understand why you don&#8217;t shut up for shame, but in that respect, you&#8217;re just like the neocons: immune to shame.</p>
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	<item>
		<title>By: Eugene Costa</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161703</link>
		<dc:creator>Eugene Costa</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 22:29:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161703</guid>
		<description>More nonsense, and a complete waste of time.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>More nonsense, and a complete waste of time.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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	<item>
		<title>By: The Times</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161675</link>
		<dc:creator>The Times</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 13:47:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161675</guid>
		<description>[...] their way out of the crisis and once again conjure up a convenient reality: this, they believe, is their prerogative as history&#8217;s actors. The rest of us, you see, are only acted [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] their way out of the crisis and once again conjure up a convenient reality: this, they believe, is their prerogative as history&#8217;s actors. The rest of us, you see, are only acted [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Simon Tregarth</title>
		<link>http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2008/09/21/bush-team-seeks-dictatorial-financial-powers/comment-page-1/#comment-161673</link>
		<dc:creator>Simon Tregarth</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 10:14:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.antiwar.com/blog/?p=4672#comment-161673</guid>
		<description>From the article:


MONEYNETDAILY
Guess again who&#039;s to blame for U.S. mortgage meltdown
Analysts point not to greed, but to social activist politics

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Posted: September 19, 2008
6:19 pm Eastern


By Drew Zahn
Â© 2008 WorldNetDaily 



Stan J. Liebowitz 

While many pundits are pointing to corporate greed and a lack of government regulation as the cause for the American mortgage and financial crisis, some analysts are saying it wasn&#039;t too little government intervention that cased the mortgage meltdown, but too much, in the form of activists compelling the government to pressure Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae into unsound â€“ though politically correct â€“ lending practices.

&quot;Home mortgages have been a political piÃ±ata for many decades,&quot; writes Stan J. Liebowitz, economics professor at the University of Texas at Dallas, in a chapter of his forthcoming book, Housing America: Building out of a Crisis.

Liebowitz puts forward an explanation that he admits is &quot;not consistent with the nasty-subprime-lender hypothesis currently considered to be the cause of the mortgage meltdown.&quot;

In a nutshell, Liebowitz contends that the federal government over the last 20 years pushed the mortgage industry so hard to get minority homeownership up, that it undermined the country&#039;s financial foundation to achieve its goal.

&quot;In an attempt to increase homeownership, particularly by minorities and the less affluent, an attack on underwriting standards was undertaken by virtually every branch of the government since the early 1990s,&quot; Liebowitz writes. &quot;The decline in mortgage underwriting standards was universally praised as &#039;innovation&#039; in mortgage lending by regulators, academic specialists, (government-sponsored enterprises) and housing activists.&quot;

He continues, &quot;Although a seemingly noble goal, the tool chosen to achieve this goal was one that endangered the entire mortgage enterprise.&quot;

&quot;As homeownership rates increased there was self-congratulation all around,&quot; Liebowitz writes. &quot;The community of regulators, academic specialists, and housing activists all reveled in the increase in homeownership.&quot;

An article in the Los Angeles Times from the late &#039;90s praised the sudden surge in homeownership among minorities, calling it &quot;one of the hidden success stories of the Clinton era.&quot;

John Lott, a senior research scientist at the University of Maryland, however, claimed in a Fox News article yesterday that the success came at a great price.

According to Lott, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston produced a manual in the early &#039;90s that warned mortgage lenders to no longer deny urban and lower-income minority applicants on such &quot;outdated&quot; criteria as credit history, down payment or employment income.

Furthermore, claims Lott, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac encouraged and praised lenders â€“ like Countrywide and Bear Stearns â€“ for adopting the slackened policies toward minority applicants.

&quot;Given these lending practices mandated by the Fed and encouraged by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,&quot; writes Lott, &quot;the resulting financial problems for financial institutions such as Countrywide and Bear Stearns are not too surprising.&quot;

(Story continues below)

      


Liebowitz&#039; contention that lenders were under pressure to loosen their standards for racial and political goals was confirmed years ago by the companies at the heart of today&#039;s crisis: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

A New York Times article from Sept. 1999 states that Fannie Mae had been under increasing pressure from the Clinton administration to expand mortgage loans among low- and moderate-income people and that the corporation loosened its lending requirements to comply.

An ominous paragraph of the article reads, &quot;In moving, even tentatively, into this new area of lending, Fannie Mae is taking on significantly more risk, which may not pose any difficulties during flush economic times. But the government-subsidized corporation may run into trouble in an economic downturn, prompting a government rescue similar to that of the savings and loan industry in the 1980s



Liebowitz likewise predicted in a 1998 paper the risk of sacrificing sound financial policy for social activism.

&quot;After the warm fuzzy glow of &#039;flexible underwriting standards&#039; has worn off,&quot; Liebowitz wrote, &quot;we may discover that they are nothing more than standards that led to bad loans. â€¦ It will be ironic and unfortunate if minority applicants wind up paying a very heavy price for a misguided policy based on a badly mangled idea.&quot;

And though some have speculated that lenders in the &#039;90s dove into sub-prime mortgages in an effort to gouge new markets, the president and chief operating officer of Freddie Mac in 1999, David Glenn, confessed his company was pushed by a federal agenda.

&quot;The mortgage industry intends to pursue minorities with greater intensity as federal regulators turn up the heat to increase home ownership,&quot; Glenn said in his remarks at the annual convention of the Mortgage Banker Association of America.

&quot;The federal government in the meantime has increased pressure on lenders to seek out minorities, as well as low-income groups and borrowers with poor credit histories,&quot; Glenn said. &quot;Fannie Mae recently reached an agreement with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to commit half its business to low- and moderate-income borrowers. That means half the mortgages bought by Fannie Mae would be from those income brackets.&quot;

In that same year, Freddie Mac warned of the logical pitfalls of pursuing loans on the basis of skin color and not credit history.

The Washington Post reported that the company conducted a study in which it was found that far more black people have bad credit than white people, even when both have the same incomes. In fact, the study showed a higher percentage of African Americans with incomes of $65,000 to $75,000 had bad credit than white Americans with incomes of below $25,000.

Such data demonstrated that when federal regulators demanded parity between racial groups in lending, the only way to achieve a quota would be to begin making intentionally bad lending decisions.

The study, however, came under brutal attack in the U.S. Congress and was ridiculed with charges of racism.

A few years later, when Greg Mankiw, chairman of President Bush&#039;s Council of Economic Advisers, voiced a warning about weakened underwriting standards, Congress rebuffed him as well.

The Wall Street Journal quoted Congressman Barney Frank, D-Mass., in 2003 as criticizing Greg Mankiw &quot;because he is worried about the tiny little matter of safety and soundness rather than &#039;concern about housing.&#039;&quot;

Frank, chairman of the House Financial Services Committee, rejected a Bush administration and Congressional Republican plan for regulating the mortgage industry in 2003, saying, &quot;These two entities â€“ Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac â€“ are not facing any kind of financial crisis.&quot; According to a New York Times article, Frank added, &quot;The more people exaggerate these problems, the more pressure there is on these companies, the less we will see in terms of affordable housing.&quot;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>From the article:</p>
<p>MONEYNETDAILY<br />
Guess again who&#8217;s to blame for U.S. mortgage meltdown<br />
Analysts point not to greed, but to social activist politics</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<br />
Posted: September 19, 2008<br />
6:19 pm Eastern</p>
<p>By Drew Zahn<br />
Â© 2008 WorldNetDaily </p>
<p>Stan J. Liebowitz </p>
<p>While many pundits are pointing to corporate greed and a lack of government regulation as the cause for the American mortgage and financial crisis, some analysts are saying it wasn&#8217;t too little government intervention that cased the mortgage meltdown, but too much, in the form of activists compelling the government to pressure Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae into unsound â€“ though politically correct â€“ lending practices.</p>
<p>&#8220;Home mortgages have been a political piÃ±ata for many decades,&#8221; writes Stan J. Liebowitz, economics professor at the University of Texas at Dallas, in a chapter of his forthcoming book, Housing America: Building out of a Crisis.</p>
<p>Liebowitz puts forward an explanation that he admits is &#8220;not consistent with the nasty-subprime-lender hypothesis currently considered to be the cause of the mortgage meltdown.&#8221;</p>
<p>In a nutshell, Liebowitz contends that the federal government over the last 20 years pushed the mortgage industry so hard to get minority homeownership up, that it undermined the country&#8217;s financial foundation to achieve its goal.</p>
<p>&#8220;In an attempt to increase homeownership, particularly by minorities and the less affluent, an attack on underwriting standards was undertaken by virtually every branch of the government since the early 1990s,&#8221; Liebowitz writes. &#8220;The decline in mortgage underwriting standards was universally praised as &#8216;innovation&#8217; in mortgage lending by regulators, academic specialists, (government-sponsored enterprises) and housing activists.&#8221;</p>
<p>He continues, &#8220;Although a seemingly noble goal, the tool chosen to achieve this goal was one that endangered the entire mortgage enterprise.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;As homeownership rates increased there was self-congratulation all around,&#8221; Liebowitz writes. &#8220;The community of regulators, academic specialists, and housing activists all reveled in the increase in homeownership.&#8221;</p>
<p>An article in the Los Angeles Times from the late &#8217;90s praised the sudden surge in homeownership among minorities, calling it &#8220;one of the hidden success stories of the Clinton era.&#8221;</p>
<p>John Lott, a senior research scientist at the University of Maryland, however, claimed in a Fox News article yesterday that the success came at a great price.</p>
<p>According to Lott, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston produced a manual in the early &#8217;90s that warned mortgage lenders to no longer deny urban and lower-income minority applicants on such &#8220;outdated&#8221; criteria as credit history, down payment or employment income.</p>
<p>Furthermore, claims Lott, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac encouraged and praised lenders â€“ like Countrywide and Bear Stearns â€“ for adopting the slackened policies toward minority applicants.</p>
<p>&#8220;Given these lending practices mandated by the Fed and encouraged by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,&#8221; writes Lott, &#8220;the resulting financial problems for financial institutions such as Countrywide and Bear Stearns are not too surprising.&#8221;</p>
<p>(Story continues below)</p>
<p>Liebowitz&#8217; contention that lenders were under pressure to loosen their standards for racial and political goals was confirmed years ago by the companies at the heart of today&#8217;s crisis: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.</p>
<p>A New York Times article from Sept. 1999 states that Fannie Mae had been under increasing pressure from the Clinton administration to expand mortgage loans among low- and moderate-income people and that the corporation loosened its lending requirements to comply.</p>
<p>An ominous paragraph of the article reads, &#8220;In moving, even tentatively, into this new area of lending, Fannie Mae is taking on significantly more risk, which may not pose any difficulties during flush economic times. But the government-subsidized corporation may run into trouble in an economic downturn, prompting a government rescue similar to that of the savings and loan industry in the 1980s</p>
<p>Liebowitz likewise predicted in a 1998 paper the risk of sacrificing sound financial policy for social activism.</p>
<p>&#8220;After the warm fuzzy glow of &#8216;flexible underwriting standards&#8217; has worn off,&#8221; Liebowitz wrote, &#8220;we may discover that they are nothing more than standards that led to bad loans. â€¦ It will be ironic and unfortunate if minority applicants wind up paying a very heavy price for a misguided policy based on a badly mangled idea.&#8221;</p>
<p>And though some have speculated that lenders in the &#8217;90s dove into sub-prime mortgages in an effort to gouge new markets, the president and chief operating officer of Freddie Mac in 1999, David Glenn, confessed his company was pushed by a federal agenda.</p>
<p>&#8220;The mortgage industry intends to pursue minorities with greater intensity as federal regulators turn up the heat to increase home ownership,&#8221; Glenn said in his remarks at the annual convention of the Mortgage Banker Association of America.</p>
<p>&#8220;The federal government in the meantime has increased pressure on lenders to seek out minorities, as well as low-income groups and borrowers with poor credit histories,&#8221; Glenn said. &#8220;Fannie Mae recently reached an agreement with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to commit half its business to low- and moderate-income borrowers. That means half the mortgages bought by Fannie Mae would be from those income brackets.&#8221;</p>
<p>In that same year, Freddie Mac warned of the logical pitfalls of pursuing loans on the basis of skin color and not credit history.</p>
<p>The Washington Post reported that the company conducted a study in which it was found that far more black people have bad credit than white people, even when both have the same incomes. In fact, the study showed a higher percentage of African Americans with incomes of $65,000 to $75,000 had bad credit than white Americans with incomes of below $25,000.</p>
<p>Such data demonstrated that when federal regulators demanded parity between racial groups in lending, the only way to achieve a quota would be to begin making intentionally bad lending decisions.</p>
<p>The study, however, came under brutal attack in the U.S. Congress and was ridiculed with charges of racism.</p>
<p>A few years later, when Greg Mankiw, chairman of President Bush&#8217;s Council of Economic Advisers, voiced a warning about weakened underwriting standards, Congress rebuffed him as well.</p>
<p>The Wall Street Journal quoted Congressman Barney Frank, D-Mass., in 2003 as criticizing Greg Mankiw &#8220;because he is worried about the tiny little matter of safety and soundness rather than &#8216;concern about housing.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
<p>Frank, chairman of the House Financial Services Committee, rejected a Bush administration and Congressional Republican plan for regulating the mortgage industry in 2003, saying, &#8220;These two entities â€“ Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac â€“ are not facing any kind of financial crisis.&#8221; According to a New York Times article, Frank added, &#8220;The more people exaggerate these problems, the more pressure there is on these companies, the less we will see in terms of affordable housing.&#8221;</p>
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